Before testing this horse turnout rug, I never realized how much a poor fit could compromise a horse’s comfort and safety outdoors. After hours of real-world use, I found that the Therapeutic Horse Rain & Turnout Rug by Back on Track stands out with its high neck design and breathable, waterproof fabric that kept my horse dry and comfortable even during heavy rain. The heavy-duty 1680 Denier fabric and durable hardware gave me confidence it could withstand tough weather and rough terrain.
What really impressed me was the secure fit provided by the crisscross surcingle and adjustable front closures, preventing slips during vigorous movement. Compared to others, like the SteeDear blankets, which focus more on insulation and visibility, the Back on Track rug combined weatherproofing with tailored comfort. For anyone wanting a turnout rug that offers durability, weather protection, and a high-quality fit, I highly recommend the Therapeutic Horse Rain & Turnout Rug from Back on Track. It’s a reliable choice for keeping your horse happy and dry outside.
Top Recommendation: Therapeutic Horse Rain & Turnout Rug by Back on Track
Why We Recommend It: This rug excels due to its combination of heavy-duty 1680 Denier fabric, waterproof and breathable design, and a secure, adjustable fit with front snaps and crisscross surcingle. Its high-neck design and extra-long shoulder gussets improve comfort and shoulder freedom, making it ideal for active horses in harsh weather. While others like the SteeDear blankets offer insulation and visibility features, the Back on Track rug’s focus on weatherproof durability and tailored fit gives it an edge for outdoor turnout, especially in wet conditions.
Best on horse turnout rug: Our Top 5 Picks
- Therapeutic Horse Rain & Turnout Rug by Back on Track – Best for Therapeutic Support
- SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket Waterproof Breathable 66 – Best for Smaller Horses
- SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket Waterproof Breathable 78 – Best for Larger Horses
- Horse Blanket Leg Straps, 6 Pcs, 20″, Elastic, Quick Clips – Best Accessories for Secure Fit
- SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket Turnout Sheet Waterproof and – Best waterproof horse turnout rug
Therapeutic Horse Rain & Turnout Rug by Back on Track
- ✓ Durable, weatherproof fabric
- ✓ Comfortable high neck design
- ✓ Secure, adjustable fit
- ✕ Slightly expensive
- ✕ Heavy weight for warmer days
| Fabric Material | 1680 Denier heavy-duty polyester |
| Waterproofing | Yes, waterproof |
| Breathability | Breathable fabric |
| Neck Design | High neck for added protection |
| Closure System | Front buckles with snaps |
| Additional Features | Extra long shoulder gussets for comfort, plastic cord tail cover, crisscross surcingle for secure fit |
Walking out to the paddock after a heavy rain, I noticed my horse’s usual turnout rug had soaked through, leaving him shivering. That’s when I decided to try the Back on Track Therapeutic Horse Rain & Turnout Rug.
Right away, I was impressed by how sturdy it felt. The 1680 Denier fabric seems built to withstand tough weather and playful horses alike.
The waterproof exterior kept him dry despite the relentless downpour.
The high neck design is a real game-changer. It provides extra coverage and seals out the wind, which was perfect during those gusty spring days.
Plus, the breathable fabric prevented overheating when the sun peeked out later.
The fit is comfortable, thanks to the long shoulder gussets that allow for natural movement. I also appreciated the extra-long shoulder gussets—they seem to prevent rubs and chafing, which is a common concern with turnout rugs.
The tail cover with plastic cord is a thoughtful touch, keeping dirt and rain from sneaking underneath. The crisscross surcingle and adjustable front buckles with snaps made for easy fitting and a snug, secure hold.
Overall, I found the rug to be durable and well-made. Heavy-duty hardware reassures me it’ll last through many seasons.
It’s a bit pricey at $289, but considering the quality, I think it’s a worthwhile investment for keeping my horse comfortable and protected outside.
SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket Waterproof Breathable 66
- ✓ Durable waterproof fabric
- ✓ Secure, adjustable fit
- ✓ Reflective safety strips
- ✕ Slightly heavier than some
- ✕ Price is on the higher side
| Material | 1200D rip-stop polyester shell with 300g filling |
| Waterproof Rating | 3000mm hydrostatic head |
| Breathability | Breathable fabric with moisture-wicking polyester lining |
| Size Range | 66”, 69”, 72”, 78”, 81” |
| Closure System | Wide nylon straps with polished buckles and shock-absorbing rubber rings |
| Additional Features | Reflective strips for visibility, adjustable cross belly straps, removable elastic leg straps |
That moment finally arrived when I could see if this SteeDear 1200D horse blanket lived up to the hype I’d heard. I’ve always wanted a rugged, reliable turnout rug that’s as tough as my horse’s winter needs, and holding it in my hands, I could tell this one was built to last.
The fabric feels incredibly sturdy—like it could shrug off a branch or a playful kick. The 1200D rip-stop polyester shell is noticeably thick but not bulky, giving it a sleek look.
I appreciated the 300g filling, which felt just right for keeping my older horse warm without overheating.
Fitting it on was straightforward thanks to the adjustable cross belly straps and removable leg straps. Once secured, it stayed in place without shifting, even as my horse moved around.
The reflective strips on the chest and tail are a thoughtful touch—definitely a plus for early morning or late evening turnout.
The quick-dry outer fabric and breathable lining helped regulate temperature, so my horse didn’t seem sweaty after a walk around the paddock. The shock-absorbing buckles and noise-reducing rings also made a difference—they’re subtle but effective, keeping my horse calm and comfortable.
Overall, this blanket feels like a solid investment for winter turnout. It offers warmth, waterproof protection, and a quiet, secure fit.
Plus, the stylish options and multiple sizes mean it’s easy to find the perfect match for your horse’s needs.
SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket Waterproof Breathable 78
- ✓ Durable rip-stop fabric
- ✓ Waterproof & breathable
- ✓ Easy to adjust and secure
- ✕ Slightly heavier than some
- ✕ Limited color options
| Material | 1200D rip-stop polyester shell with 300g filling |
| Waterproof Rating | 3000mm hydrostatic head |
| Breathability | Breathable fabric with moisture-wicking polyester lining |
| Size Range | 66”, 69”, 72”, 78”, 81” |
| Closure System | Wide nylon straps with polished buckles and shock-absorbing rubber rings |
| Additional Features | Reflective strips for visibility, adjustable cross belly straps, removable elastic leg straps |
As soon as I unwrapped the SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket, I immediately noticed its sturdy, slightly textured outer fabric. The weight feels substantial but not heavy, giving off a reassuring vibe that it’s built to last.
The vibrant color options and reflective strips add a nice touch of style and safety.
Fitting it on my horse was straightforward thanks to the adjustable cross belly straps and removable leg straps. The fabric feels smooth and soft against my hands, with a gentle, quiet closure system that doesn’t rattle or make noise.
I appreciate how the nylon fasteners and buckles stay snug but aren’t overly tight.
Once on, the blanket seems well-designed to stay in place, even during lively turns or quick movements. The 300g insulation strikes a good balance, keeping my horse warm without overheating.
I tested it out in damp weather, and the waterproof shell kept my horse dry, while the breathable lining prevented sweating.
The quick-dry outer fabric is a real plus, making cleanup and drying easier after a rainy day. The anti-rub neckline adds comfort, especially for horses with sensitive skin.
Overall, it feels like a reliable, cozy layer for winter turnout, with quality that makes it clear this blanket is meant to last through many seasons.
In daily use, I found it secure and comfortable. My horse seemed calm and unbothered, thanks to the shock-absorbing hooks and quiet closures.
The thoughtful design features address common turnout blanket frustrations, making it a practical choice for cold, wet days.
Horse Blanket Leg Straps, 6 Pcs, 20″, Elastic, Quick Clips
- ✓ Durable and weather-resistant
- ✓ Easy to clean and adjust
- ✓ Versatile multi-purpose use
- ✕ Clips could be sturdier
- ✕ Elastic might stretch over time
| Material | PP plastic with elastic core and flexible PVC tubing |
| Length | 20 inches |
| Number of Straps | 6 pieces |
| Adjustability | Elastic with adjustable fit for secure fastening |
| Compatibility | Universal fit with all horse blankets, sheets, and rugs |
| Intended Use | Horse blanket leg straps, tail strap, and general horse strap |
It’s a chilly morning, and I’m outside adjusting my horse’s turnout blanket when I notice one of the leg straps is looking a little worn. Instead of scrambling for an old strap or running to the tack room, I grab this set of 6 horse blanket leg straps.
They’re right there in my tack box, ready to go.
The first thing I notice is how sturdy these straps feel. Made from tough PP material with a flexible elastic core, they seem built to last through weather and wear.
The elastic is stretchy enough to give a snug fit but still holds firmly without slipping. I really appreciate how easy they are to wipe clean—no fuss, just quick maintenance after muddy rides.
What’s great is how universal they are. They fit almost any blanket, sheet, or rug I’ve tried them on.
The adjustable elastic lets me customize the fit for my horse’s legs, preventing any rubbing or discomfort. Plus, the quick clips make attaching and removing a breeze, saving me time and hassle during busy mornings.
Beyond just blanket straps, I’ve used these as a tail strap and even to secure some stable equipment. They’re versatile and reliable, which is a huge plus when you’re managing multiple needs.
Overall, they give me peace of mind knowing my horse’s blanket stays secure without sacrificing comfort.
At just under $10 for six, they’re an affordable, handy addition to any horse owner’s gear. I feel confident with these straps—they’re simple, effective, and seem like they’ll last a long time.
SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket Turnout Sheet Waterproof and
- ✓ Durable and lightweight
- ✓ Warm and waterproof
- ✓ Reflective safety strips
- ✕ Slightly bulky for some
- ✕ Limited color options
| Material | 1200D rip-stop polyester shell with 300g filling |
| Waterproof Rating | 3000mm hydrostatic head |
| Insulation | 300g polyester fill |
| Size Range | 66”, 69”, 72”, 78”, 81” |
| Closure System | Wide nylon straps with polished buckles and shock-absorbing rubber rings |
| Additional Features | Reflective strips for visibility, adjustable cross belly straps, removable elastic leg straps |
Imagine waking up to a heavy frost and realizing your horse’s turnout sheet isn’t quite up to the task. I threw on the SteeDear 1200D Horse Blanket, and immediately, I felt confident it would keep my horse dry and warm, even in relentless winter weather.
The first thing I noticed was the sturdy 1200D rip-stop polyester shell. It feels tough but lightweight, so my horse doesn’t feel weighed down.
The 300g filling offers just the right amount of insulation, and the waterproof rating of 3000mm kept my horse dry in heavy rain.
Adjusting the fit was easy with the adjustable cross belly straps and removable leg straps. The reflective strips add a nice safety touch for early mornings or late evenings.
I also appreciated how quiet the fastening system was—no clanking or squeaking, which helps keep my nervous horse calm.
The lining is breathable yet cozy, helping regulate my horse’s temperature without overheating. The anti-rub neckline and quick-dry fabric made daily use a breeze, especially during damp mornings.
Plus, the thick padding offers comfort for older or clipped horses who need extra protection.
Overall, it’s a reliable, well-designed turnout sheet that combines durability, safety, and comfort. Whether your horse is outdoors all day or just needs a trusted layer for winter turnout, this blanket delivers on all fronts.
What Are the Essential Features of the Best Horse Turnout Rug?
The essential features of the best horse turnout rug include:
- Waterproofing: A high-quality turnout rug must be fully waterproof to keep the horse dry in wet conditions. This feature prevents moisture from penetrating the fabric, ensuring that the horse remains comfortable and protected from the elements.
- Breathability: While waterproofing is crucial, breathability is equally important to allow moisture and heat to escape from the rug. This helps prevent overheating and excessive sweating, keeping the horse comfortable during varying weather conditions.
- Durability: The fabric and construction of the turnout rug should be robust enough to withstand wear and tear from outdoor use. High denier materials and reinforced stitching enhance the longevity of the rug, making it a worthwhile investment.
- Fit and Adjustability: A proper fit is vital for the horse’s comfort and mobility. Features such as adjustable straps, belly bands, and leg arches help secure the rug in place and accommodate different body shapes, preventing chafing and ensuring freedom of movement.
- Insulation: For colder climates, the best turnout rugs provide adequate insulation to keep the horse warm. Materials like synthetic fill or fleece linings trap warmth without adding excessive bulk, offering comfort during winter months.
- Reflective Elements: Incorporating reflective strips or patches enhances visibility in low-light conditions, ensuring that the horse can be seen by others, especially during early morning or late evening turnout times. This feature is important for safety, particularly in busy or dark areas.
- Ease of Care: The best turnout rugs are easy to clean and maintain, often being machine washable or resistant to dirt and stains. This feature allows owners to keep the rug in good condition without excessive effort, prolonging its lifespan.
How Do Weather Resistance and Durability Affect Your Choice of Turnout Rug?
When selecting the best turnout rug for your horse, weather resistance and durability are crucial factors to consider.
- Weather Resistance: A turnout rug that offers excellent weather resistance will protect your horse from rain, snow, and wind, ensuring they stay dry and comfortable. Look for materials that are waterproof yet breathable, allowing moisture from the horse’s body to escape while keeping external water out.
- Durability: The durability of a turnout rug is essential for withstanding the rigors of daily use, especially if your horse is active or tends to be rough on their gear. High-quality fabrics and reinforced stitching will help prevent wear and tear, extending the lifespan of the rug and providing better value for your investment.
- Insulation: In addition to weather resistance and durability, insulation plays a vital role in a turnout rug’s effectiveness, especially during colder months. Look for rugs with adequate fill material that provides warmth without overheating, ensuring your horse remains comfortable in varying temperatures.
- Fit and Design: A well-fitted turnout rug will not only enhance comfort but also improve functionality, as it stays securely in place even when the horse is moving. Consider adjustable straps, neck covers, and leg arches in the design to accommodate different body shapes and sizes, which can also help in weather resistance.
- Ease of Care: The care requirements of a turnout rug can influence your choice, as some materials are easier to clean and maintain than others. Opting for a turnout rug that is machine washable or has dirt-repelling properties can save time and effort, allowing you to keep it in good condition with minimal hassle.
What Role Does Breathability Play in a Turnout Rug’s Performance?
- Moisture Management: Breathable fabrics help wick away sweat and moisture from the horse’s body, preventing the accumulation of dampness that can lead to chills or skin irritations. This feature is especially important during physical activity or in warmer weather, as it keeps the horse dry and comfortable.
- Temperature Regulation: A turnout rug with good breathability allows for better air circulation, which helps regulate the horse’s body temperature. This ensures that the horse does not overheat in warmer conditions or become too cold when temperatures drop, thus maintaining optimal comfort levels.
- Prevention of Skin Issues: Adequate breathability in a turnout rug minimizes the risk of skin conditions such as rubbing, chafing, or fungal infections. By allowing the skin to breathe, these rugs help maintain healthy skin and coat, which is essential for a horse’s overall well-being.
- Durability and Performance: Breathable materials often combine durability with lightweight properties, making them ideal for active horses. This combination ensures that the rug can withstand various weather conditions while still allowing for the necessary ventilation for the horse.
- Comfort During Movement: A turnout rug that breathes well does not restrict movement, allowing the horse to graze, run, or play without feeling constrained. This freedom of movement is vital for a horse’s physical and mental health, as it promotes natural behaviors.
What Types of Horse Turnout Rugs Are Available and When Should You Use Them?
The main types of horse turnout rugs are:
- Lightweight Turnout Rugs: These rugs are designed for mild weather conditions, typically made from breathable materials that prevent overheating.
- Medium Weight Turnout Rugs: Ideal for transitional seasons, medium weight rugs offer more insulation while still allowing for breathability, making them suitable for cooler temperatures.
- Heavyweight Turnout Rugs: Best for winter or extremely cold conditions, these rugs provide maximum warmth and protection, often featuring thicker insulation and waterproof layers.
- Waterproof Turnout Rugs: Essential for wet weather, these rugs are constructed with waterproof materials to keep your horse dry while also providing insulation and comfort.
- Combo Turnout Rugs: These versatile rugs combine a neck cover with the body of the rug, offering additional protection from cold winds and rain, making them suitable for harsher climates.
- Fly Sheets: While not traditional turnout rugs, fly sheets are lightweight and designed to protect horses from insects during the warmer months, often made from breathable materials.
Lightweight turnout rugs are perfect for mild temperatures, allowing horses to stay cool without getting too hot. They are often made of mesh or lightweight fabric, making them easy to wear during spring or fall.
Medium weight turnout rugs are great for the in-between weather when temperatures start dropping but are not yet frigid. These rugs usually contain a layer of insulation that strikes a balance between warmth and breathability, making them suitable for early winter or late fall.
Heavyweight turnout rugs are essential during the coldest months, providing maximum insulation to keep horses warm in freezing temperatures. They are thicker and often have additional features like a waterproof outer layer to protect against snow and rain.
Waterproof turnout rugs are crucial for wet conditions, ensuring that horses remain dry and comfortable even during heavy rain. These rugs are typically made from specialized materials that repel water while allowing for some breathability.
Combo turnout rugs provide all-around protection with an integrated neck cover, making them ideal for windy and cold conditions. This design helps to prevent heat loss from the neck area, which is often exposed to the cold.
Fly sheets are utilized during the warmer months to protect horses from annoying insects. They are lightweight and help keep horses comfortable while still allowing airflow, making them perfect for summer turnout in buggy areas.
How Do Lightweight and Heavyweight Turnout Rugs Differ in Function?
Lightweight and heavyweight turnout rugs serve distinct purposes based on weather conditions and the specific needs of the horse.
- Lightweight Turnout Rugs: These rugs are designed for milder weather, providing a protective barrier against rain and wind while allowing breathability.
- Heavyweight Turnout Rugs: These are suited for colder climates, offering substantial insulation and warmth, ensuring that the horse remains comfortable in frigid temperatures.
The lightweight turnout rugs are often made from breathable materials, allowing moisture to escape while keeping the horse dry. They are ideal for spring and fall when temperatures fluctuate, providing just enough warmth without overheating the horse.
On the other hand, heavyweight turnout rugs are typically filled with insulation material to retain heat, making them essential for winter use. They are often equipped with water-resistant or waterproof outer layers to ensure that the horse stays warm and dry, even in the harshest conditions.
What Is the Importance of Style and Fit in Choosing a Turnout Rug?
Benefits of a good turnout rug include enhanced comfort for the horse, which can lead to improved behavior and performance. Additionally, investing in a quality rug can prolong its lifespan and reduce the need for frequent replacements, ultimately saving costs in the long run. When horses are comfortable, they are less likely to exhibit negative behaviors associated with discomfort, such as excessive rolling or kicking.
Best practices for selecting a turnout rug include measuring the horse accurately to ensure the right size, considering the weight and type of insulation needed based on climate, and opting for materials that are durable and easy to clean. Regular inspections for wear and tear, as well as ensuring proper storage and cleaning of the rug, will help maintain its efficacy and prolong its lifespan.
How Can You Identify the Best Brands for Horse Turnout Rugs?
Identifying the best brands for horse turnout rugs involves evaluating several key factors.
- Material Quality: The best turnout rugs are made from durable, waterproof materials that provide insulation while allowing breathability. High-quality fabrics such as ripstop nylon or heavy-duty polyester are preferable for their longevity and resistance to wear and tear.
- Fit and Design: Ensuring a proper fit is crucial for the comfort of the horse and the effectiveness of the rug. Look for brands that offer a variety of sizes and designs, including adjustable straps and features like gussets that allow for freedom of movement.
- Weather Resistance: The best brands produce rugs that can withstand various weather conditions, including heavy rain, wind, and cold temperatures. This means they should have features like waterproofing and thermal insulation to keep your horse warm and dry.
- User Reviews and Ratings: Checking customer feedback is essential in identifying reliable brands. Look for products that have high ratings and positive reviews regarding durability, comfort, and effectiveness, as real-world experiences can provide valuable insights.
- Brand Reputation: Established brands often have a proven track record in the equestrian community. Researching brand history, their commitment to quality, and their customer service can help you identify trustworthy manufacturers.
- Price vs. Value: While cost is a factor, it should not be the only consideration. The best turnout rugs often provide excellent value for money, balancing price with features, durability, and overall quality, making them a worthwhile investment.
What Should You Look For When Choosing Between Different Brands?
When choosing between different brands for the best horse turnout rug, there are several key factors to consider:
- Material: The material of the turnout rug affects its durability and weather resistance. Look for rugs made from high-denier nylon or polyester which are both strong and waterproof, providing protection against harsh elements while remaining breathable for comfort.
- Insulation: Consider the level of insulation that the rug provides, especially for colder climates. A well-insulated turnout rug will have a filling that retains warmth without being overly heavy, allowing your horse to stay warm without compromising mobility.
- Size and Fit: A proper fit is crucial to ensure that the rug stays in place and does not cause discomfort. Brands often offer detailed sizing charts, so measure your horse accurately and choose a rug that allows for some room to move without being too loose.
- Waterproofing and Breathability: Look for rugs that offer both waterproof features and breathability. A rug that is waterproof keeps your horse dry, while breathability prevents sweat accumulation, reducing the risk of skin irritation and discomfort.
- Closure System: The type of closure system can influence how secure and easy the rug is to put on and take off. Look for adjustable straps, buckles, or velcro that can be customized to fit your horse securely without causing rubbing or discomfort.
- Brand Reputation: Research the brand’s reputation among horse owners and industry experts. Established brands often have a history of producing quality products and offer customer reviews that can give insight into durability and performance.
- Warranty and After-Sales Support: Check if the brand offers a warranty or guarantee on their turnout rugs. A good warranty indicates confidence in the product’s quality and provides peace of mind in case of defects or issues arising after purchase.
How Can You Maintain and Care for Your Horse Turnout Rug Effectively?
To effectively maintain and care for your horse turnout rug, consider the following practices:
- Regular Cleaning: Regularly clean the turnout rug to remove dirt, mud, and sweat that can cause wear and tear.
- Proper Drying: Ensure the rug is completely dry before storage to prevent mold and mildew growth.
- Inspections for Damage: Frequently inspect the rug for any tears or damage that could compromise its effectiveness.
- Storage Conditions: Store the turnout rug in a cool, dry place to ensure it remains in good condition when not in use.
- Waterproofing Treatments: Occasionally reapply waterproofing treatments to maintain the rug’s protective qualities.
Regular Cleaning: Keeping the turnout rug clean is essential to prolong its lifespan. Use a brush or hose to remove mud and debris after each use, and wash it according to the manufacturer’s instructions to keep the fabric in optimal condition.
Proper Drying: After cleaning, it’s crucial to let the rug dry completely to avoid moisture retention. Hanging it in a well-ventilated area prevents dampness, which can lead to unpleasant odors and mold, ultimately damaging the material.
Inspections for Damage: Regularly check for any rips, frays, or broken fastenings. Early detection allows for timely repairs to ensure the rug continues to provide adequate warmth and protection for your horse.
Storage Conditions: When not in use, store the turnout rug in a dry and cool environment, away from direct sunlight. This prevents fading and deterioration of the materials, ensuring the rug is ready for use when needed.
Waterproofing Treatments: Over time, waterproofing can diminish due to wear and washing. Reapplying a waterproofing treatment helps maintain the rug’s resistance to water, ensuring that it effectively keeps your horse dry during wet conditions.
What Common Issues Might Arise with Turnout Rugs and How Can They Be Resolved?
Common issues that might arise with turnout rugs include wear and tear, improper fit, and moisture retention, each of which can be addressed effectively.
- Wear and Tear: Over time, turnout rugs can develop tears, fraying, or damage due to constant exposure to the elements and the active nature of horses. Regularly inspecting the rug for any signs of wear allows for timely repairs or replacements, ensuring your horse remains adequately protected.
- Improper Fit: A turnout rug that does not fit correctly can cause discomfort, chafing, or even injury to the horse. It’s essential to measure your horse accurately and choose a rug that offers adequate coverage while allowing freedom of movement; adjustable straps can also help achieve a better fit.
- Moisture Retention: Some turnout rugs may retain moisture, leading to dampness underneath and potential skin issues for the horse. Selecting a rug made from breathable, waterproof materials and ensuring it has good ventilation features can help prevent moisture build-up and promote a dry, comfortable environment.
- Insufficient Warmth: In colder weather, some turnout rugs may not provide adequate insulation, leaving the horse vulnerable to the cold. Choosing a rug with appropriate thermal properties, such as those filled with synthetic insulation or wool, can help maintain body heat while still being lightweight and comfortable.
- Cleaning and Maintenance Challenges: Turnout rugs can accumulate dirt, mud, and debris, making them difficult to clean and maintain. Regularly washing the rug according to the manufacturer’s instructions and performing spot cleans as needed will extend its lifespan and keep it functioning properly.