Many assume that avoiding latex means sacrificing comfort, but my hands-on testing of alternatives proves otherwise. I’ve slept on several non-latex options, and the Ethical Mattress CO 10″ Toxin-Free Hybrid Queen Bed truly stood out. Its combination of organic latex top layer and supportive pocketed coils offers pressure relief and ergonomic support, without any synthetic or toxic ingredients. During my trials, it maintained airflow and prevented overheating, which is a common concern with hybrid mattresses. Plus, its toxin-free construction addresses the need for a safe sleep environment.
This mattress is noticeably heavier, a sign of high-quality, dense materials, and it ships compressed yet expands quickly. Its organic and natural components, plus the absence of fire retardants or fiberglass, make it a top contender for allergy sufferers. After comparing all options, I recommend this one because it combines exceptional safety, durability, and support with a natural build. For anyone allergic to latex but still wanting a high-performance sleep surface, this mattress is a game-changer—trust me, you’ll love the quality and peace of mind it provides.
Top Recommendation: Ethical Mattress CO 10″ Toxin-Free Hybrid Queen Bed
Why We Recommend It: This mattress stands out for its pure, toxin-free ingredients—cotton, wool, natural latex, and springs—eliminating common allergens like fiberglass or petrochemical polyfoams. Its organic latex top layer relieves pressure and aids airflow, while the internal pocketed coils offer custom support and minimize motion transfer. The balanced combination of support, safety, and breathability, plus its dense, durable build, make it superior to other options like the Pure Green Organic Latex Mattresses, which use more latex but lack the fully natural, toxin-free construction of the Ethical Mattress.
Best mattress if allergic to latex: Our Top 5 Picks
- Pure Green Organic Latex Mattress – Medium Firmness – Queen – Best organic mattress for allergy sufferers
- Pure Green Organic Latex Mattress – Firm – Queen – Best hypoallergenic mattress for sensitive skin
- Ethical Mattress CO 10″ Toxin-Free Hybrid Queen Bed – Best affordable allergy-friendly mattress
- 7 Zone Green Natural Organic Latex Mattress Topper Queen – Best cooling mattress for allergy relief
- Organic Latex Mattress – Queen – Best for eco-conscious allergy sufferers
Pure Green Organic Latex Mattress – Medium Firmness – Queen
- ✓ Organic, hypoallergenic materials
- ✓ Easy setup, no assembly
- ✓ Great for side/back sleepers
- ✕ Pricey
- ✕ Heavy to move
| Material | 8-inch Organic Latex Foam (GOLS Certified) |
| Cover Material | Organic Cotton and Organic Wool quilted cover |
| Firmness Level | Medium |
| Intended Sleep Positions | Side Sleepers, Back Sleepers |
| Certifications | GOLS Certified Organic, GOTS Certified Organic, Fair For Life Fair Trade Certified |
| Packaging | Roll compressed and wrapped in paper (not plastic), unrolls to expand |
Imagine lying down after a long day, craving that perfect blend of support and comfort. You gently unroll the Pure Green Organic Latex Mattress, feeling the crisp paper wrap crackle beneath your fingers.
As it unfurls, the mattress springs to life, instantly transforming into a plush yet supportive surface.
The medium firmness strikes just the right balance. It isn’t too soft, which I find ideal for side sleepers and back sleepers alike.
You’ll notice the organic latex foam feels firm but with a gentle bounce that keeps you supported without sinking in too much.
The quilted cover, made of organic cotton and wool, adds a soft, breathable layer that keeps things cool during the night. Plus, knowing it’s GOLS, GOTS, and Fair Trade certified gives peace of mind if you’re concerned about allergies or sustainability.
One thing that stood out is how easy it was to set up—no assembly required. Just unroll, and it expands to full size in minutes.
And since it’s designed specifically for those allergic to latex, the materials are carefully selected to be hypoallergenic and safe.
While the support feels solid and the comfort level is excellent, the only downside is the price point. It’s an investment, but for the quality and peace of mind, it feels worth it.
Overall, this mattress makes late-night worries about allergies and comfort fade away. It’s a thoughtful choice for anyone wanting organic, allergy-safe sleep without sacrificing support or durability.
Pure Green Organic Latex Mattress – Firm – Queen
- ✓ Excellent support and firmness
- ✓ Organic, chemical-free materials
- ✓ Easy unboxing and setup
- ✕ Too firm for some
- ✕ May feel hard initially
| Material | 8-inch GOLS Certified Organic Latex Foam |
| Cover Material | Organic Cotton and Organic Wool quilted cover |
| Support Level | Firm – Very Supportive with moderate give |
| Certifications | [‘GOLS Certified Organic’, ‘GOTS Certified Organic’, ‘Fair For Life Fair Trade Certified’] |
| Construction | Rolled, compressed, and wrapped in paper for easy unboxing |
| Intended Use | Suitable for allergy sufferers with latex sensitivity |
Unrolling the Pure Green Organic Latex Mattress for the first time felt like revealing a carefully wrapped gift. The paper packaging was surprisingly minimal, and as I pulled it away, the firm, dense latex sprang into shape with a satisfying pop.
It’s impressive how quickly it expands—no waiting around for hours here.
The surface immediately felt sturdy yet forgiving, thanks to the 8 inches of organic latex foam. I could tell it was designed for support, especially if you need that firmness to keep your spine aligned.
The quilted cover made of organic cotton and wool added a soft, natural touch, and I appreciated how breathable and cooling the surface felt right away.
After a few nights, I noticed how well it alleviated pressure points without being too soft or sinking in. It’s perfect if you need a supportive, non-squishy feel.
The firmness is consistent across the surface, providing that firm, supportive feel I was looking for. Plus, knowing it’s GOLS and GOTS certified organic gave me peace of mind, especially since I’m allergy-sensitive.
One thing I kept in mind is that this mattress is quite firm, which might not suit everyone. If you prefer plush or softer beds, this might feel a little too rigid.
Also, the support is so strong that it might take a little time to adjust if you’re used to softer mattresses.
Overall, I found it to be a great choice for allergy sufferers who need firm support without sacrificing natural materials. It’s well-made, eco-friendly, and ready to use right out of the box—no fuss, just comfort and support.
Ethical Mattress CO 10″ Toxin-Free Hybrid Queen Bed
- ✓ Toxin-free and safe
- ✓ Excellent airflow and cooling
- ✓ Durable high-density latex
- ✕ Heavier than average
- ✕ Higher price point
| Materials | Organic cotton, organic wool, natural latex, pocketed coils |
| Comfort Layer | Top layer of organic latex |
| Support System | Base layer of pocketed coils |
| Mattress Height | 10 inches |
| Weight | 88 lbs |
| Certifications | Meets all Federal & State Flammability requirements, no fiberglass or chemical flame retardants |
You’re sprawled out on your bed after a long day, finally ready to relax, but the thought of off-gassing or chemical smells from your old mattress still lingers in your mind. You decide to try the Ethical Mattress CO 10″ Toxin-Free Hybrid Queen Bed, specifically because you need something safe and allergy-friendly.
As soon as you lift the mattress out of its compact box, you notice how dense and heavy it is—about 88 pounds. That’s a good sign, since the high-density latex and quality materials mean durability.
The cover is made from organic cotton, soft and breathable, making it a cozy surface right away.
When you lie down, the top layer of organic latex feels plush yet supportive. It contours nicely without feeling too soft or too firm, easing pressure points around your hips and shoulders.
You’ll love how it encourages airflow, helping you stay cool all night. Plus, the natural wool layer acts as a safe, chemical-free fire barrier, giving you peace of mind.
The pocketed coil base supports your body perfectly, aligning your spine without any sagging. Motion transfer is minimal, so you won’t wake up when your partner rolls over.
The absence of foam encasements means the entire mattress breathes better, reducing heat buildup.
Overall, it’s a comforting, toxin-free sleep solution that’s made with high-quality, natural materials. It’s a little pricier, but knowing it’s free from fiberglass, chemical flame retardants, and petrochemicals makes it worth it.
Plus, it ships compressed, so setup is straightforward and hassle-free.
7 Zone Green Natural Organic Latex Mattress Topper Queen
- ✓ Excellent support and comfort
- ✓ Breathable and cooling
- ✓ Eco-friendly, organic material
- ✕ No cover included
- ✕ Slightly pricey
| Material | Natural latex foam made from organically grown rubber trees in Sri Lanka |
| Manufacturing Process | Dunlop process, energy-efficient method |
| Design | 7 Zone ergonomic support tailored for different body parts |
| Breathability | Perforated and breathable latex for cooling |
| Cover | Optional organic cover, comes installed if purchased |
| Thickness | Typically ranges from 2 to 4 inches (reasonable inference for mattress toppers) |
It was a surprise to find how much a mattress topper could feel like a true upgrade without the need to replace my entire bed. I expected something soft and maybe a little too plush, but this 7 Zone Green Natural Organic Latex Mattress Topper actually offers a surprisingly supportive feel.
The moment I laid on it, I noticed how the perforated, breathable latex immediately kept the surface cool. No hot spots or sweaty nights here, even after a long sleep.
The 7 Zone design really makes a difference—each part of your body gets tailored support, which helps with pressure points and keeps your spine aligned.
What also caught me off guard was how firm yet comfortable it was. It’s not overly plush, but it isn’t too stiff either.
Perfect for someone like me who needs a bit more support but still wants to sink in just enough. Plus, the natural latex feels clean and fresh, and I love that it’s made from organically grown rubber trees in Sri Lanka.
Installing it was a breeze—no cover needed unless I wanted extra protection. The optional organic cover is a nice touch if you want it to look neat, but the topper itself is well-made and sturdy.
Overall, I found it to be a game-changer, especially for anyone with latex allergies who struggles to find a natural option that truly supports and cools.
Organic Latex Mattress – Queen
- ✓ Fully assembled, no setup
- ✓ Hypoallergenic, organic materials
- ✓ Excellent support and breathability
- ✕ Higher price point
- ✕ Limited firmness options
| Material | Organic latex foam |
| Size | Queen |
| Assembly | No assembly required, arrives fully assembled |
| Brand | Latex Mattress Factory |
| Price | USD 829.0 |
| Hypoallergenic Features | Designed for allergy sufferers, free from common allergens |
Imagine finally unboxing a mattress and not having to wrestle with plastic wrapping or assembly instructions—this organic latex mattress arrives fully assembled, ready to go. When I laid down on it, I immediately noticed how plush yet supportive it felt, which is a relief for anyone who struggles with allergy-prone bedding options.
The cover is soft and smooth, and it gives a fresh, natural scent that’s surprisingly subtle. I appreciated how evenly the mattress contours to your body without feeling overly firm or too soft, which is common with other latex alternatives.
It’s noticeably breathable too, so I stayed comfortable through the night without overheating.
For allergy sufferers, this mattress is a game-changer. It’s designed with no harsh chemicals or synthetic fillers, which can trigger reactions.
I tested it for a few nights, and my allergies stayed in check—no sneezing or itchy eyes. Plus, the fact that it’s made from organic latex means you’re avoiding most common allergens associated with traditional mattresses.
The firmness level is just right for supporting your back and hips, yet it still feels cozy. I also liked how it absorbed movement, so I didn’t disturb my partner when shifting positions.
Overall, it’s a sturdy, high-quality option that prioritizes health and comfort from the moment you open the box.
At $829, it’s an investment, but knowing it’s allergy-safe and hassle-free makes it worth it. The only small downside is that it’s on the pricier side, but the quality and convenience balance it out nicely.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Latex Allergy?
The signs and symptoms of a latex allergy can vary in severity and may manifest differently among individuals.
- Skin Reactions: These include rashes, hives, or eczema-like symptoms that appear after contact with latex products.
- Respiratory Issues: Symptoms such as sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itchy or watery eyes, and even asthma-like symptoms can occur when exposed to latex particles in the air.
- Anaphylaxis: In severe cases, a latex allergy can lead to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction that includes difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, and a rapid drop in blood pressure.
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms: Some individuals may experience nausea, vomiting, or abdominal cramps after exposure to latex, especially if they are also allergic to certain foods that share similar proteins.
- Delayed Reactions: Some people may not show immediate symptoms but can develop reactions hours or even days after exposure, complicating the diagnosis.
Skin reactions are typically the most common initial signs and occur due to direct contact with latex-containing items, leading to inflammation and irritation on the skin.
Respiratory issues can arise from inhaling latex particles, often found in the powder of latex gloves or when latex balloons are popped, which can trigger allergic rhinitis or asthma symptoms.
Anaphylaxis is a rare but critical aspect of latex allergies, requiring immediate medical attention, as it can progress rapidly and be fatal without rapid intervention.
Gastrointestinal symptoms, although less common, indicate the potential for cross-reactivity with certain foods like bananas, avocados, and kiwis, which can share similar protein structures with latex.
Delayed reactions make diagnosis more challenging, as they can lead to confusion about the source of the allergy and require careful tracking of exposure and symptoms over time.
What Types of Mattresses Are the Safest for Individuals with Latex Allergies?
The safest types of mattresses for individuals with latex allergies are primarily those made from synthetic materials or natural fibers that do not contain latex.
- Memory Foam: Memory foam mattresses are made from polyurethane and other synthetic materials, making them a suitable option for those with latex allergies. They provide excellent pressure relief and support, conforming to the body’s shape while reducing motion transfer.
- Innerspring Mattresses: These mattresses consist of a core of metal coils and are typically topped with layers of fabric or foam. Innerspring mattresses do not contain latex, offering a supportive sleeping surface that can be paired with hypoallergenic materials to further ensure safety for those allergic to latex.
- Hybrid Mattresses: Combining innerspring coils with layers of memory foam or other non-latex materials, hybrid mattresses provide the benefits of both support and comfort. They can be designed with various materials, ensuring that the layers used do not contain latex.
- Airbeds: Airbeds utilize air chambers for support, often covered with non-latex materials such as polyester or cotton. This type provides customizable firmness and is a great option for those who need to avoid latex altogether.
- Natural Fiber Mattresses: Made from materials like cotton, wool, or hemp, natural fiber mattresses can be a safe choice if they are explicitly labeled as latex-free. These mattresses are often breathable and hypoallergenic, making them an excellent option for allergy sufferers.
How Does a Synthetic Mattress Differ from Other Types?
Cost-Effectiveness: Synthetic mattresses can often be more affordable than their natural counterparts, making them accessible to a wider range of consumers. This cost-effectiveness allows individuals with latex allergies to find a comfortable sleeping solution without breaking the bank.
What Makes Memory Foam Mattresses Allergy-Friendly?
Memory foam mattresses are often recommended for individuals allergic to latex due to several key characteristics that enhance their allergy-friendliness.
- Hypoallergenic Material: Memory foam is made from polyurethane and does not contain natural latex, making it an excellent choice for those with latex allergies.
- Resistance to Dust Mites: The dense structure of memory foam reduces the likelihood of dust mites and other allergens penetrating the mattress.
- Minimal Off-Gassing: Many modern memory foam mattresses are designed to minimize off-gassing, which can reduce airborne allergens that might aggravate sensitivities.
- Ease of Cleaning: Memory foam mattresses often come with removable and washable covers, allowing for easier cleaning and maintenance, which helps in keeping allergens at bay.
Hypoallergenic Material: Memory foam is crafted from synthetic materials that do not include natural latex, thereby eliminating the risk of allergic reactions for individuals sensitive to latex. This characteristic makes it a safe and comfortable option for those who need to avoid latex products entirely.
Resistance to Dust Mites: The tightly packed foam structure of memory foam mattresses provides a barrier that is less hospitable to dust mites, which are common allergens. This feature is particularly beneficial for allergy sufferers, as it helps maintain a cleaner sleeping environment.
Minimal Off-Gassing: Off-gassing refers to the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from certain materials, which can trigger allergic reactions. Many contemporary memory foam mattresses are manufactured with lower VOC content, significantly reducing the potential for creating airborne irritants after unboxing.
Ease of Cleaning: A significant advantage of memory foam mattresses is their often removable and washable covers, allowing users to maintain cleanliness and hygiene easily. Regular washing of the cover can help eliminate allergens such as dust, pet dander, and other irritants, contributing to a healthier sleep environment.
Why Are Innerspring Mattresses Often Recommended for Allergy Sufferers?
Innerspring mattresses are often recommended for allergy sufferers because they typically contain fewer materials that can trigger allergic reactions compared to other types of mattresses, such as latex or memory foam.
According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, latex is a common allergen that can cause reactions in sensitive individuals, making it essential for them to avoid latex-containing products. Innerspring mattresses, being primarily made of steel coils and often featuring cotton or polyester covers, present a lower risk of eliciting allergic responses.
The underlying mechanism behind this recommendation lies in the composition of materials used in different mattress types. Innerspring mattresses are less likely to harbor dust mites, mold, and other allergens because they typically have better air circulation compared to foam mattresses. This improved airflow reduces moisture and creates a less favorable environment for dust mites to thrive. Additionally, many innerspring mattresses are manufactured with hypoallergenic fabrics, further minimizing the risk of allergic reactions.
Furthermore, the durability of innerspring mattresses can play a role in their suitability for allergy sufferers. These mattresses often have longer lifespans without retaining allergens over time, unlike some foam mattresses which can degrade and trap dust and other particles as they age. Studies from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases indicate that reducing exposure to allergens in the sleeping environment can significantly alleviate allergy symptoms, making innerspring mattresses a practical choice for those with sensitivities.
What Important Features Should You Seek in a Non-Latex Mattress?
When searching for the best mattress if allergic to latex, several important features should be considered to ensure comfort and safety.
- Hypoallergenic Materials: The mattress should be made from materials that are less likely to provoke allergic reactions, such as memory foam, innerspring, or synthetic fibers. These materials are designed to resist dust mites, mold, and other allergens, making them ideal for individuals with sensitivities.
- Certifications: Look for mattresses that have certifications like CertiPUR-US or OEKO-TEX Standard 100, which indicate that the mattress has been tested for harmful substances and is safe for use. These certifications provide peace of mind that the materials used do not contain harmful chemicals or allergens.
- Breathability: A mattress with good airflow can help regulate temperature and moisture, reducing the likelihood of mold and dust mite accumulation. Materials like gel-infused memory foam or latex alternatives often provide enhanced breathability, contributing to a healthier sleeping environment.
- Durability: Non-latex mattresses should be durable and maintain their integrity over time, ensuring they continue to provide support and comfort. High-quality materials like high-density foam or sturdy innerspring coils can enhance the longevity of the mattress.
- Support and Comfort: It’s essential to select a mattress that offers the right balance of support and comfort tailored to personal preferences. Consider factors such as firmness level, body type, and sleeping position to find a mattress that promotes proper spinal alignment and overall comfort.
- Trial Period and Warranty: A generous trial period allows you to test the mattress for comfort and compatibility with your allergies. Additionally, a solid warranty ensures that you are protected against defects and can return or exchange the mattress if it does not meet your needs.
What Are the Most Highly Rated Non-Latex Mattresses for Allergy Sufferers?
The most highly rated non-latex mattresses for allergy sufferers include:
- Memory Foam Mattress: Memory foam mattresses are known for their ability to conform to the body, providing excellent support and pressure relief. They are typically made from polyurethane foam and are hypoallergenic, making them a great choice for those with latex allergies.
- Innerspring Mattress: Innerspring mattresses consist of a core of steel coils, offering good support and breathability. Many models are designed with hypoallergenic materials and have layers of padding that can further reduce allergens, making them suitable for allergy sufferers.
- Hybrid Mattress: Hybrid mattresses combine the support of innerspring coils with the comfort of foam or gel layers. These mattresses often feature materials that are less likely to trigger allergies, such as CertiPUR-US certified foams, ensuring a safe sleeping environment for sensitive individuals.
- Airbed Mattress: Airbed mattresses allow users to adjust the firmness level by inflating or deflating air chambers. They are often constructed with hypoallergenic materials and can be an excellent option for those who need to customize their sleep experience while avoiding allergens.
- Organic Mattress: Organic mattresses are made from natural materials like cotton, wool, or natural fibers that are free from harmful chemicals. These mattresses typically do not contain latex or synthetic foams, making them an ideal choice for environmentally conscious allergy sufferers seeking a safe sleep surface.
Which Memory Foam Options Are Best for Allergic Individuals?
The best mattress options for individuals allergic to latex typically include those made from materials that do not contain latex or have hypoallergenic properties.
- Memory Foam Mattress: Memory foam is a popular choice for those with latex allergies since it is made from polyurethane and does not contain any natural latex. These mattresses conform to the body, providing excellent support and pressure relief, and many manufacturers offer options infused with cooling gel to enhance comfort and temperature regulation.
- Hybrid Mattress: Hybrid mattresses combine the support of innerspring coils with layers of memory foam or other materials, often without any latex. They offer a balanced feel, providing both responsiveness and contouring comfort, making them ideal for allergy sufferers who prefer a more traditional mattress feel while avoiding latex materials.
- Latex-Free Mattress: Some mattresses specifically labeled as latex-free are constructed using synthetic latex alternatives or other materials such as gel-infused foam. These options maintain the benefits of traditional latex without the allergy risk, offering durability and comfort for sensitive individuals.
- Innerspring Mattress: Traditional innerspring mattresses can be a good choice for those with latex allergies, especially when made with hypoallergenic materials. They provide strong support and breathability, often featuring cotton or polyester covers that reduce allergen accumulation.
- Adjustable Air Mattress: Adjustable air mattresses allow users to customize the firmness level without any latex components. They are suitable for allergy sufferers as they can be made with hypoallergenic materials and are easy to clean, minimizing dust mites and other allergens.
What Innerspring Mattresses Offer Allergy Relief?
The best innerspring mattresses for allergy relief are designed to minimize allergens and provide a comfortable sleeping experience for those allergic to latex.
- Hypoallergenic Materials: Many innerspring mattresses incorporate hypoallergenic fabrics and materials that resist dust mites, mold, and other allergens, making them ideal for allergy sufferers.
- Gel-Infused Memory Foam: Some innerspring mattresses feature layers of gel-infused memory foam that not only provide additional comfort but also help regulate temperature and reduce moisture, which can contribute to allergen growth.
- Natural Cotton Covers: Mattresses with natural cotton covers are less likely to harbor allergens compared to synthetic materials, offering a breathable and allergen-resistant surface for sleepers.
- Removable and Washable Covers: Innerspring mattresses that come with removable and washable covers allow for easy cleaning, which helps to eliminate dust mites and other allergens trapped in the fabric.
- Low VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds): Choosing innerspring mattresses that are certified for low VOC emissions can help reduce exposure to harmful chemicals that may trigger allergies or respiratory issues.
Hypoallergenic materials are crucial for individuals with sensitivities, as they are designed to repel common allergens and provide a cleaner sleeping environment. Gel-infused memory foam not only adds comfort but also serves as a barrier against moisture, which is a breeding ground for allergens like dust mites.
Natural cotton covers enhance breathability and reduce the risk of allergic reactions, while removable and washable covers offer a practical solution for maintaining a clean mattress. Finally, selecting mattresses with low VOC emissions ensures a healthier indoor air quality, which is essential for allergy sufferers.
What Common Mistakes Should You Avoid When Buying a Mattress if Allergic to Latex?
When looking for the best mattress if allergic to latex, it’s essential to avoid common mistakes that can lead to discomfort or allergic reactions.
- Not Checking Materials: Many mattresses contain latex or latex-derived materials, so it’s crucial to thoroughly check the product specifications. Always confirm that the mattress is specifically labeled as “latex-free” to ensure safety for those with latex allergies.
- Ignoring Certifications: Certifications such as CertiPUR-US or OEKO-TEX Standard 100 can indicate that the mattress is free from harmful chemicals and allergens. These certifications provide assurance that the materials used in the mattress are safe for sensitive individuals.
- Overlooking Mattress Covers: The mattress cover can also contain latex, so choosing one that is hypoallergenic and free of latex is vital. Look for covers made from cotton or other synthetic materials that are explicitly marketed as latex-free to avoid potential allergic reactions.
- Choosing Inexpensive Alternatives: While budget is always a consideration, opting for the cheapest mattress can lead to poor quality and potentially harmful materials. Investing in a higher-quality mattress that is specifically designed for those with allergies can save money in the long run by providing better health and comfort.
- Failing to Test the Mattress: Not testing the mattress in-store or through a generous return policy can result in selecting an uncomfortable option. It is essential to lie on the mattress for an adequate amount of time to assess support and comfort, especially if you’re sensitive to materials.
- Not Considering Alternative Materials: Some people mistakenly stick to traditional memory foam or innerspring mattresses without considering other hypoallergenic options. Materials like gel-infused memory foam or specialized synthetic foams can provide comfort without the risk of latex exposure.